1. 历史遗留问题和刻板印象

针对华裔美国人的刻板印象源远流长，起始于19世纪的华人移民潮和《排华法案》等法律的出台。这些刻板印象经常将华裔美国人描绘为“永远的外国人”，无论他们或他们的家族在美国生活了多长时间。这些刻板印象在政治、经济或国家安全紧张时期会再次浮现。

2. 经济和国家安全担忧

经济竞争和国家安全恐惧历来是歧视性法律和态度的推手。近年来，随着中美之间在贸易、科技和地缘政治主导地位上的紧张关系加剧，反华言论增加。这种氛围使一些政客和政策制定者推动针对华裔美国人的法案，他们往往将华裔美国人与中国政府混为一谈。例如，出于对间谍活动和技术盗窃的担忧，政策对中国学生和学者进行了严格审查，通常伴随着广泛且带有种族动机的假设。

3. 替罪羊和仇外心理

在国家危机或恐惧时期，少数族裔群体常常被当作替罪羊。以华裔美国人为例，COVID-19疫情期间反华情绪激增，一些政客和媒体将病毒的责任归咎于中国，并扩展到华裔美国人身上。这种替罪羊心态可以转化为歧视性的法律或态度，尤其是在某些政治领导人利用这些恐惧来争取特定选民支持时。

4. 种族等级制度和政治分裂

美国的种族等级制度依然存在，一些政客利用这些分裂来获取政治支持。反华或反亚裔的情绪可以被用来动员选民支持，特别是那些在全球竞争或人口变化中感到经济或社会威胁的群体。这可能导致政客在国家安全、移民或经济保护的幌子下提出歧视性法案，专门针对华裔美国人。

5. 民权法的执行力度不均

虽然《1964年民权法案》是向前迈出的重要一步，但其执行并不总是一致。法律漏洞、选择性执法以及社会对某些形式歧视的容忍，意味着有害的政策仍然可能被提出，特别是在这些政策被包装成国家利益优先时。

6. 政治极化和煽动恐惧

在当今政治极化的环境中，煽动恐惧和民族主义情绪往往会演变为针对特定群体的歧视。反华言论常常模糊了对中国政府的批评和对华裔美国人的攻击，导致支持歧视性法案和政策的增加。

总的来说，尽管有法律保护，歧视性行为的持续存在是经济焦虑、仇外心理、刻板印象和政治投机交织的结果。反歧视法提供了法律补救途径，但它们无法完全阻止歧视性态度或政策的提出。

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尽管取得了重大的法律进步，例如 1943 年废除《排华法案》和 1964 年通过《民权法案》，但由于历史、社会、政治和经济等多种因素，

对华裔美国人和其他少数群体的歧视仍然存在。有几个原因可以解释为什么针对华裔美国人的歧视态度和政策仍然出现在政治话语中：

1. 反华情绪的历史根源

《排华法案》（1882 年）是美国第一部限制移民的重要法律，针对的是中国劳工。即使在废除该法案后，潜在的刻板印象和仇外态度

也没有消失。反华情绪深深植根于美国社会，往往与对工作竞争和文化差异的恐惧有关。这些态度代代相传，并定期重新浮现，

尤其是在国家紧张时期。

2. 民族主义和经济紧张局势

中国日益增长的全球影响力，特别是在经济和技术领域，导致了对竞争和不信任的担忧。当美国的政治或经济利益似乎受到中国的威胁时，

情况尤其如此。这种担忧往往会转移到华裔美国人身上，他们可能被不公平地视为与中国政府或经济崛起有关。这在针对在技术或学术等

敏感行业工作的华裔美国人的间谍或不忠指控中最为明显。

3. 政治替罪羊

在地缘政治紧张时期——例如中美贸易战、对技术竞争的担忧或 COVID-19 大流行——华裔美国人被当作与中国有关的更广泛的挫败感或恐惧的替罪羊。

试图利用民族主义情绪或转移国内问题的政客可能会以保护国家安全或经济利益为幌子推动针对华裔美国人的政策。

4. COVID-19 和种族指责

COVID-19 大流行导致反亚裔种族主义死灰复燃，尤其是针对华裔美国人，因为政治领导人和媒体人物有时会将病毒的传播归咎于中国。

这种言论经常与“中国病毒”或“功夫流感”等术语联系在一起，导致仇恨犯罪和针对亚裔美国人（包括华裔美国人）的歧视性政策激增。

5. 对华裔美国人的刻板印象和种族化

华裔美国人和其他亚裔美国人在历史上一直被视为“永远的外国人”，无论他们在美国生活了多少代。这种种族化使他们更容易被视为局外人，

尤其是在国家焦虑的时刻。针对华裔美国人的政策通常被冠以保护美国就业、知识产权或国家安全的理由，利用人们对间谍活动或

技术盗窃的担忧，尽管华裔美国人与其他种族或族裔一样都是美国人。

6. 全球紧张局势的影响

随着中美关系变得更加对抗，特别是在贸易、技术和全球影响力等领域，反华言论有所增加。这种对抗立场导致一些政客推动

针对华裔美国人或中国公民的歧视性法案，特别是在土地所有权、受教育机会和国家安全等领域。

7. 缺乏意识或同理心

对于许多美国人来说，他们仍然缺乏对华裔美国人的经历和贡献的了解。这种无知使得刻板印象和偏见得以持续。

一些政客可能会利用这种缺乏了解来推行歧视华裔美国人的政策，而不会受到广大公众的强烈反对。

8. 本土主义和民粹主义

美国民粹主义和民族主义政治运动的兴起助长了仇外情绪，移民和少数族裔经常被归咎于社会问题。

由于与中国的历史渊源，华裔美国人很容易成为这些本土主义叙事的目标，尤其是当他们被视为外国竞争者或被视为对“美国”身份的威胁时。

结论：

虽然 1964 年《民权法案》等具有里程碑意义的立法为法律平等奠定了基础，但它并没有消除美国长期存在的根深蒂固的种族和仇外偏见。

政治、社会和经济因素继续相互交织，助长反华情绪。然而，这些歧视性政策和态度可以通过持续的宣传、教育和致力于维护所有美国人的公民权利（无论其种族背景如何）来挑战。

Despite significant legal progress, such as the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943 and the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, discrimination against Chinese Americans and other minority groups has persisted due to a combination of historical, social, political, and economic factors. Several reasons explain why discriminatory attitudes and policies targeting Chinese Americans still emerge in political discourse:

1. Historical Roots of Anti-Chinese Sentiment

The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) was the first significant law restricting immigration in the U.S., targeting Chinese laborers. Even after its repeal, the underlying stereotypes and xenophobic attitudes didn't disappear. Anti-Chinese sentiment was deeply embedded in American society and was often tied to fears of job competition and cultural differences. These attitudes have been passed down through generations and have periodically resurfaced, especially during times of national stress.

2. Nationalism and Economic Tensions

China’s growing global influence, particularly in economic and technological spheres, has led to fears of competition and distrust. This is especially true when U.S. political or economic interests seem threatened by China. Such fears often get transferred to Chinese Americans, who may be unfairly seen as linked to China’s government or economic rise. This is most evident in accusations of espionage or disloyalty directed at Chinese Americans working in sensitive industries like technology or academia.

3. Political Scapegoating

During periods of geopolitical tension—such as the U.S.-China trade war, concerns over technological competition, or the COVID-19 pandemic—Chinese Americans have been scapegoated for broader frustrations or fears related to China. Politicians seeking to exploit nationalist sentiments or deflect from domestic issues may push for policies targeting Chinese Americans under the guise of protecting national security or economic interests.

4. COVID-19 and Racialized Blame

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a resurgence of anti-Asian racism, particularly against Chinese Americans, as political leaders and media figures sometimes blamed China for the spread of the virus. This rhetoric, often associated with the term "China Virus" or "Kung Flu," fueled a spike in hate crimes and discriminatory policies targeting Asian Americans, including Chinese Americans.

5. Stereotypes and Racialization of Chinese Americans

Chinese Americans, along with other Asian Americans, have been historically viewed as the "perpetual foreigner," regardless of how many generations they've lived in the U.S. This racialization makes it easier for them to be viewed as outsiders, particularly during moments of national anxiety. Policies targeting Chinese Americans are often framed as protecting American jobs, intellectual property, or national security, playing on fears of espionage or technological theft, despite the fact that Chinese Americans are as American as any other racial or ethnic group.

6. Influence of Global Tensions

As relations between the U.S. and China have become more adversarial, particularly in areas like trade, technology, and global influence, anti-Chinese rhetoric has increased. This adversarial stance has led some politicians to push for discriminatory bills that target Chinese Americans or Chinese nationals, particularly in areas like land ownership, access to education, and national security.

7. Lack of Awareness or Empathy

For many Americans, there is still a lack of understanding about the experiences and contributions of Chinese Americans. This ignorance allows stereotypes and prejudices to persist. Some politicians may capitalize on this lack of understanding to push policies that discriminate against Chinese Americans without significant pushback from the broader public.

8. Nativism and Populism

The rise of populist and nationalist political movements in the U.S. has fueled xenophobia, with immigrants and minorities often blamed for societal problems. Chinese Americans, due to their historical association with China, can become easy targets in these nativist narratives, especially when they are viewed through the lens of foreign competition or perceived threats to "American" identity.

Conclusion:

While landmark legislation like the 1964 Civil Rights Act laid the groundwork for legal equality, it did not eradicate the deep-seated racial and xenophobic prejudices that have long existed in the U.S. Political, social, and economic factors continue to intersect in ways that fuel anti-Chinese sentiment. However, these discriminatory policies and attitudes can be challenged by continued advocacy, education, and a commitment to upholding civil rights for all Americans, regardless of their ethnic background.